import abc
import asyncio
import base64
import collections
import hashlib
import inspect
import keyword
import os
import re
import warnings
from collections.abc import Container, Iterable, Sized
from contextlib import contextmanager
from functools import wraps
from pathlib import Path
from types import MappingProxyType

from yarl import URL

from . import hdrs
from .abc import AbstractMatchInfo, AbstractRouter, AbstractView
from .helpers import DEBUG
from .http import HttpVersion11
from .web_exceptions import (HTTPExpectationFailed, HTTPForbidden,
                             HTTPMethodNotAllowed, HTTPNotFound)
from .web_fileresponse import FileResponse
from .web_response import Response


__all__ = ('UrlDispatcher', 'UrlMappingMatchInfo',
           'AbstractResource', 'Resource', 'PlainResource', 'DynamicResource',
           'AbstractRoute', 'ResourceRoute',
           'StaticResource', 'View')

HTTP_METHOD_RE = re.compile(r"^[0-9A-Za-z!#\$%&'\*\+\-\.\^_`\|~]+$")
ROUTE_RE = re.compile(r'(\{[_a-zA-Z][^{}]*(?:\{[^{}]*\}[^{}]*)*\})')
PATH_SEP = re.escape('/')


class AbstractResource(Sized, Iterable):

    def __init__(self, *, name=None):
        self._name = name

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    @property
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def canonical(self):
        """Exposes the resource's canonical path.

        For example '/foo/bar/{name}'

        """

    @abc.abstractmethod  # pragma: no branch
    def url_for(self, **kwargs):
        """Construct url for resource with additional params."""

    @abc.abstractmethod  # pragma: no branch
    async def resolve(self, request):
        """Resolve resource

        Return (UrlMappingMatchInfo, allowed_methods) pair."""

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def add_prefix(self, prefix):
        """Add a prefix to processed URLs.

        Required for subapplications support.

        """

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def get_info(self):
        """Return a dict with additional info useful for introspection"""

    def freeze(self):
        pass

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def raw_match(self, path):
        """Perform a raw match against path"""


class AbstractRoute(abc.ABC):

    def __init__(self, method, handler, *,
                 expect_handler=None,
                 resource=None):

        if expect_handler is None:
            expect_handler = _default_expect_handler

        assert asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(expect_handler), \
            'Coroutine is expected, got {!r}'.format(expect_handler)

        method = method.upper()
        if not HTTP_METHOD_RE.match(method):
            raise ValueError("{} is not allowed HTTP method".format(method))

        assert callable(handler), handler
        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(handler):
            pass
        elif inspect.isgeneratorfunction(handler):
            warnings.warn("Bare generators are deprecated, "
                          "use @coroutine wrapper", DeprecationWarning)
        elif (isinstance(handler, type) and
              issubclass(handler, AbstractView)):
            pass
        else:
            warnings.warn("Bare functions are deprecated, "
                          "use async ones", DeprecationWarning)

            @wraps(handler)
            async def handler_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                result = old_handler(*args, **kwargs)
                if asyncio.iscoroutine(result):
                    result = await result
                return result
            old_handler = handler
            handler = handler_wrapper

        self._method = method
        self._handler = handler
        self._expect_handler = expect_handler
        self._resource = resource

    @property
    def method(self):
        return self._method

    @property
    def handler(self):
        return self._handler

    @property
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def name(self):
        """Optional route's name, always equals to resource's name."""

    @property
    def resource(self):
        return self._resource

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def get_info(self):
        """Return a dict with additional info useful for introspection"""

    @abc.abstractmethod  # pragma: no branch
    def url_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Construct url for route with additional params."""

    async def handle_expect_header(self, request):
        return await self._expect_handler(request)


class UrlMappingMatchInfo(dict, AbstractMatchInfo):

    def __init__(self, match_dict, route):
        super().__init__(match_dict)
        self._route = route
        self._apps = []
        self._current_app = None
        self._frozen = False

    @property
    def handler(self):
        return self._route.handler

    @property
    def route(self):
        return self._route

    @property
    def expect_handler(self):
        return self._route.handle_expect_header

    @property
    def http_exception(self):
        return None

    def get_info(self):
        return self._route.get_info()

    @property
    def apps(self):
        return tuple(self._apps)

    def add_app(self, app):
        if self._frozen:
            raise RuntimeError("Cannot change apps stack after .freeze() call")
        if self._current_app is None:
            self._current_app = app
        self._apps.insert(0, app)

    @property
    def current_app(self):
        return self._current_app

    @contextmanager
    def set_current_app(self, app):
        if DEBUG:  # pragma: no cover
            if app not in self._apps:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "Expected one of the following apps {!r}, got {!r}"
                    .format(self._apps, app))
        prev = self._current_app
        self._current_app = app
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            self._current_app = prev

    def freeze(self):
        self._frozen = True

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<MatchInfo {}: {}>".format(super().__repr__(), self._route)


class MatchInfoError(UrlMappingMatchInfo):

    def __init__(self, http_exception):
        self._exception = http_exception
        super().__init__({}, SystemRoute(self._exception))

    @property
    def http_exception(self):
        return self._exception

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<MatchInfoError {}: {}>".format(self._exception.status,
                                                self._exception.reason)


async def _default_expect_handler(request):
    """Default handler for Expect header.

    Just send "100 Continue" to client.
    raise HTTPExpectationFailed if value of header is not "100-continue"
    """
    expect = request.headers.get(hdrs.EXPECT)
    if request.version == HttpVersion11:
        if expect.lower() == "100-continue":
            await request.writer.write(
                b"HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n", drain=False)
        else:
            raise HTTPExpectationFailed(text="Unknown Expect: %s" % expect)


class Resource(AbstractResource):

    def __init__(self, *, name=None):
        super().__init__(name=name)
        self._routes = []

    def add_route(self, method, handler, *,
                  expect_handler=None):

        for route_obj in self._routes:
            if route_obj.method == method or route_obj.method == hdrs.METH_ANY:
                raise RuntimeError("Added route will never be executed, "
                                   "method {route.method} is already "
                                   "registered".format(route=route_obj))

        route_obj = ResourceRoute(method, handler, self,
                                  expect_handler=expect_handler)
        self.register_route(route_obj)
        return route_obj

    def register_route(self, route):
        assert isinstance(route, ResourceRoute), \
            'Instance of Route class is required, got {!r}'.format(route)
        self._routes.append(route)

    async def resolve(self, request):
        allowed_methods = set()

        match_dict = self._match(request.rel_url.raw_path)
        if match_dict is None:
            return None, allowed_methods

        for route_obj in self._routes:
            route_method = route_obj.method
            allowed_methods.add(route_method)

            if (route_method == request.method or
                    route_method == hdrs.METH_ANY):
                return (UrlMappingMatchInfo(match_dict, route_obj),
                        allowed_methods)
        else:
            return None, allowed_methods

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._routes)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._routes)

    # TODO: implement all abstract methods


class PlainResource(Resource):

    def __init__(self, path, *, name=None):
        super().__init__(name=name)
        assert not path or path.startswith('/')
        self._path = path

    @property
    def canonical(self):
        return self._path

    def freeze(self):
        if not self._path:
            self._path = '/'

    def add_prefix(self, prefix):
        assert prefix.startswith('/')
        assert not prefix.endswith('/')
        assert len(prefix) > 1
        self._path = prefix + self._path

    def _match(self, path):
        # string comparison is about 10 times faster than regexp matching
        if self._path == path:
            return {}
        else:
            return None

    def raw_match(self, path):
        return self._path == path

    def get_info(self):
        return {'path': self._path}

    def url_for(self):
        return URL.build(path=self._path, encoded=True)

    def __repr__(self):
        name = "'" + self.name + "' " if self.name is not None else ""
        return "<PlainResource {name} {path}>".format(name=name,
                                                      path=self._path)


class DynamicResource(Resource):

    DYN = re.compile(r'\{(?P<var>[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*)\}')
    DYN_WITH_RE = re.compile(
        r'\{(?P<var>[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*):(?P<re>.+)\}')
    GOOD = r'[^{}/]+'

    def __init__(self, path, *, name=None):
        super().__init__(name=name)
        pattern = ''
        formatter = ''
        for part in ROUTE_RE.split(path):
            match = self.DYN.fullmatch(part)
            if match:
                pattern += '(?P<{}>{})'.format(match.group('var'), self.GOOD)
                formatter += '{' + match.group('var') + '}'
                continue

            match = self.DYN_WITH_RE.fullmatch(part)
            if match:
                pattern += '(?P<{var}>{re})'.format(**match.groupdict())
                formatter += '{' + match.group('var') + '}'
                continue

            if '{' in part or '}' in part:
                raise ValueError("Invalid path '{}'['{}']".format(path, part))

            path = URL.build(path=part).raw_path
            formatter += path
            pattern += re.escape(path)

        try:
            compiled = re.compile(pattern)
        except re.error as exc:
            raise ValueError(
                "Bad pattern '{}': {}".format(pattern, exc)) from None
        assert compiled.pattern.startswith(PATH_SEP)
        assert formatter.startswith('/')
        self._pattern = compiled
        self._formatter = formatter

    @property
    def canonical(self):
        return self._formatter

    def add_prefix(self, prefix):
        assert prefix.startswith('/')
        assert not prefix.endswith('/')
        assert len(prefix) > 1
        self._pattern = re.compile(re.escape(prefix)+self._pattern.pattern)
        self._formatter = prefix + self._formatter

    def _match(self, path):
        match = self._pattern.fullmatch(path)
        if match is None:
            return None
        else:
            return {key: URL.build(path=value, encoded=True).path
                    for key, value in match.groupdict().items()}

    def raw_match(self, path):
        return self._formatter == path

    def get_info(self):
        return {'formatter': self._formatter,
                'pattern': self._pattern}

    def url_for(self, **parts):
        url = self._formatter.format_map({k: URL.build(path=v).raw_path
                                          for k, v in parts.items()})
        return URL.build(path=url)

    def __repr__(self):
        name = "'" + self.name + "' " if self.name is not None else ""
        return ("<DynamicResource {name} {formatter}>"
                .format(name=name, formatter=self._formatter))


class PrefixResource(AbstractResource):

    def __init__(self, prefix, *, name=None):
        assert not prefix or prefix.startswith('/'), prefix
        assert prefix in ('', '/') or not prefix.endswith('/'), prefix
        super().__init__(name=name)
        self._prefix = URL.build(path=prefix).raw_path

    @property
    def canonical(self):
        return self._prefix

    def add_prefix(self, prefix):
        assert prefix.startswith('/')
        assert not prefix.endswith('/')
        assert len(prefix) > 1
        self._prefix = prefix + self._prefix

    def raw_match(self, prefix):
        return False

    # TODO: impl missing abstract methods


class StaticResource(PrefixResource):
    VERSION_KEY = 'v'

    def __init__(self, prefix, directory, *, name=None,
                 expect_handler=None, chunk_size=256 * 1024,
                 show_index=False, follow_symlinks=False,
                 append_version=False):
        super().__init__(prefix, name=name)
        try:
            directory = Path(directory)
            if str(directory).startswith('~'):
                directory = Path(os.path.expanduser(str(directory)))
            directory = directory.resolve()
            if not directory.is_dir():
                raise ValueError('Not a directory')
        except (FileNotFoundError, ValueError) as error:
            raise ValueError(
                "No directory exists at '{}'".format(directory)) from error
        self._directory = directory
        self._show_index = show_index
        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
        self._follow_symlinks = follow_symlinks
        self._expect_handler = expect_handler
        self._append_version = append_version

        self._routes = {'GET': ResourceRoute('GET', self._handle, self,
                                             expect_handler=expect_handler),

                        'HEAD': ResourceRoute('HEAD', self._handle, self,
                                              expect_handler=expect_handler)}

    def url_for(self, *, filename, append_version=None):
        if append_version is None:
            append_version = self._append_version
        if isinstance(filename, Path):
            filename = str(filename)
        while filename.startswith('/'):
            filename = filename[1:]
        filename = '/' + filename

        # filename is not encoded
        url = URL.build(path=self._prefix + filename)

        if append_version is True:
            try:
                if filename.startswith('/'):
                    filename = filename[1:]
                filepath = self._directory.joinpath(filename).resolve()
                if not self._follow_symlinks:
                    filepath.relative_to(self._directory)
            except (ValueError, FileNotFoundError):
                # ValueError for case when path point to symlink
                # with follow_symlinks is False
                return url  # relatively safe
            if filepath.is_file():
                # TODO cache file content
                # with file watcher for cache invalidation
                with open(str(filepath), mode='rb') as f:
                    file_bytes = f.read()
                h = self._get_file_hash(file_bytes)
                url = url.with_query({self.VERSION_KEY: h})
                return url
        return url

    @staticmethod
    def _get_file_hash(byte_array):
        m = hashlib.sha256()  # todo sha256 can be configurable param
        m.update(byte_array)
        b64 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(m.digest())
        return b64.decode('ascii')

    def get_info(self):
        return {'directory': self._directory,
                'prefix': self._prefix}

    def set_options_route(self, handler):
        if 'OPTIONS' in self._routes:
            raise RuntimeError('OPTIONS route was set already')
        self._routes['OPTIONS'] = ResourceRoute(
            'OPTIONS', handler, self,
            expect_handler=self._expect_handler)

    async def resolve(self, request):
        path = request.rel_url.raw_path
        method = request.method
        allowed_methods = set(self._routes)
        if not path.startswith(self._prefix):
            return None, set()

        if method not in allowed_methods:
            return None, allowed_methods

        match_dict = {'filename': URL.build(path=path[len(self._prefix)+1:],
                                            encoded=True).path}
        return (UrlMappingMatchInfo(match_dict, self._routes[method]),
                allowed_methods)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._routes)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._routes.values())

    async def _handle(self, request):
        rel_url = request.match_info['filename']
        try:
            filename = Path(rel_url)
            if filename.anchor:
                # rel_url is an absolute name like
                # /static/\\machine_name\c$ or /static/D:\path
                # where the static dir is totally different
                raise HTTPForbidden()
            filepath = self._directory.joinpath(filename).resolve()
            if not self._follow_symlinks:
                filepath.relative_to(self._directory)
        except (ValueError, FileNotFoundError) as error:
            # relatively safe
            raise HTTPNotFound() from error
        except HTTPForbidden:
            raise
        except Exception as error:
            # perm error or other kind!
            request.app.logger.exception(error)
            raise HTTPNotFound() from error

        # on opening a dir, load it's contents if allowed
        if filepath.is_dir():
            if self._show_index:
                try:
                    ret = Response(text=self._directory_as_html(filepath),
                                   content_type="text/html")
                except PermissionError:
                    raise HTTPForbidden()
            else:
                raise HTTPForbidden()
        elif filepath.is_file():
            ret = FileResponse(filepath, chunk_size=self._chunk_size)
        else:
            raise HTTPNotFound

        return ret

    def _directory_as_html(self, filepath):
        # returns directory's index as html

        # sanity check
        assert filepath.is_dir()

        relative_path_to_dir = filepath.relative_to(self._directory).as_posix()
        index_of = "Index of /{}".format(relative_path_to_dir)
        h1 = "<h1>{}</h1>".format(index_of)

        index_list = []
        dir_index = filepath.iterdir()
        for _file in sorted(dir_index):
            # show file url as relative to static path
            rel_path = _file.relative_to(self._directory).as_posix()
            file_url = self._prefix + '/' + rel_path

            # if file is a directory, add '/' to the end of the name
            if _file.is_dir():
                file_name = "{}/".format(_file.name)
            else:
                file_name = _file.name

            index_list.append(
                '<li><a href="{url}">{name}</a></li>'.format(url=file_url,
                                                             name=file_name)
            )
        ul = "<ul>\n{}\n</ul>".format('\n'.join(index_list))
        body = "<body>\n{}\n{}\n</body>".format(h1, ul)

        head_str = "<head>\n<title>{}</title>\n</head>".format(index_of)
        html = "<html>\n{}\n{}\n</html>".format(head_str, body)

        return html

    def __repr__(self):
        name = "'" + self.name + "'" if self.name is not None else ""
        return "<StaticResource {name} {path} -> {directory!r}>".format(
            name=name, path=self._prefix, directory=self._directory)


class PrefixedSubAppResource(PrefixResource):

    def __init__(self, prefix, app):
        super().__init__(prefix)
        self._app = app
        for resource in app.router.resources():
            resource.add_prefix(prefix)

    def add_prefix(self, prefix):
        super().add_prefix(prefix)
        for resource in self._app.router.resources():
            resource.add_prefix(prefix)

    def url_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
        raise RuntimeError(".url_for() is not supported "
                           "by sub-application root")

    def get_info(self):
        return {'app': self._app,
                'prefix': self._prefix}

    async def resolve(self, request):
        if not request.url.raw_path.startswith(self._prefix):
            return None, set()
        match_info = await self._app.router.resolve(request)
        match_info.add_app(self._app)
        if isinstance(match_info.http_exception, HTTPMethodNotAllowed):
            methods = match_info.http_exception.allowed_methods
        else:
            methods = set()
        return match_info, methods

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._app.router.routes())

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._app.router.routes())

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<PrefixedSubAppResource {prefix} -> {app!r}>".format(
            prefix=self._prefix, app=self._app)


class ResourceRoute(AbstractRoute):
    """A route with resource"""

    def __init__(self, method, handler, resource, *,
                 expect_handler=None):
        super().__init__(method, handler, expect_handler=expect_handler,
                         resource=resource)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<ResourceRoute [{method}] {resource} -> {handler!r}".format(
            method=self.method, resource=self._resource,
            handler=self.handler)

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._resource.name

    def url_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Construct url for route with additional params."""
        return self._resource.url_for(*args, **kwargs)

    def get_info(self):
        return self._resource.get_info()


class SystemRoute(AbstractRoute):

    def __init__(self, http_exception):
        super().__init__(hdrs.METH_ANY, self._handler)
        self._http_exception = http_exception

    def url_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
        raise RuntimeError(".url_for() is not allowed for SystemRoute")

    @property
    def name(self):
        return None

    def get_info(self):
        return {'http_exception': self._http_exception}

    async def _handler(self, request):
        raise self._http_exception

    @property
    def status(self):
        return self._http_exception.status

    @property
    def reason(self):
        return self._http_exception.reason

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<SystemRoute {self.status}: {self.reason}>".format(self=self)


class View(AbstractView):

    async def _iter(self):
        if self.request.method not in hdrs.METH_ALL:
            self._raise_allowed_methods()
        method = getattr(self, self.request.method.lower(), None)
        if method is None:
            self._raise_allowed_methods()
        resp = await method()
        return resp

    def __await__(self):
        return self._iter().__await__()

    def _raise_allowed_methods(self):
        allowed_methods = {
            m for m in hdrs.METH_ALL if hasattr(self, m.lower())}
        raise HTTPMethodNotAllowed(self.request.method, allowed_methods)


class ResourcesView(Sized, Iterable, Container):

    def __init__(self, resources):
        self._resources = resources

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._resources)

    def __iter__(self):
        yield from self._resources

    def __contains__(self, resource):
        return resource in self._resources


class RoutesView(Sized, Iterable, Container):

    def __init__(self, resources):
        self._routes = []
        for resource in resources:
            for route_obj in resource:
                self._routes.append(route_obj)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._routes)

    def __iter__(self):
        yield from self._routes

    def __contains__(self, route_obj):
        return route_obj in self._routes


class UrlDispatcher(AbstractRouter, collections.abc.Mapping):

    NAME_SPLIT_RE = re.compile(r'[.:-]')

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self._resources = []
        self._named_resources = {}

    async def resolve(self, request):
        method = request.method
        allowed_methods = set()

        for resource in self._resources:
            match_dict, allowed = await resource.resolve(request)
            if match_dict is not None:
                return match_dict
            else:
                allowed_methods |= allowed
        else:
            if allowed_methods:
                return MatchInfoError(HTTPMethodNotAllowed(method,
                                                           allowed_methods))
            else:
                return MatchInfoError(HTTPNotFound())

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._named_resources)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._named_resources)

    def __contains__(self, name):
        return name in self._named_resources

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        return self._named_resources[name]

    def resources(self):
        return ResourcesView(self._resources)

    def routes(self):
        return RoutesView(self._resources)

    def named_resources(self):
        return MappingProxyType(self._named_resources)

    def register_resource(self, resource):
        assert isinstance(resource, AbstractResource), \
            'Instance of AbstractResource class is required, got {!r}'.format(
                resource)
        if self.frozen:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Cannot register a resource into frozen router.")

        name = resource.name

        if name is not None:
            parts = self.NAME_SPLIT_RE.split(name)
            for part in parts:
                if not part.isidentifier() or keyword.iskeyword(part):
                    raise ValueError('Incorrect route name {!r}, '
                                     'the name should be a sequence of '
                                     'python identifiers separated '
                                     'by dash, dot or column'.format(name))
            if name in self._named_resources:
                raise ValueError('Duplicate {!r}, '
                                 'already handled by {!r}'
                                 .format(name, self._named_resources[name]))
            self._named_resources[name] = resource
        self._resources.append(resource)

    def add_resource(self, path, *, name=None):
        if path and not path.startswith('/'):
            raise ValueError("path should be started with / or be empty")
        # Reuse last added resource if path and name are the same
        if self._resources:
            resource = self._resources[-1]
            if resource.name == name and resource.raw_match(path):
                return resource
        if not ('{' in path or '}' in path or ROUTE_RE.search(path)):
            url = URL.build(path=path)
            resource = PlainResource(url.raw_path, name=name)
            self.register_resource(resource)
            return resource
        resource = DynamicResource(path, name=name)
        self.register_resource(resource)
        return resource

    def add_route(self, method, path, handler,
                  *, name=None, expect_handler=None):
        resource = self.add_resource(path, name=name)
        return resource.add_route(method, handler,
                                  expect_handler=expect_handler)

    def add_static(self, prefix, path, *, name=None, expect_handler=None,
                   chunk_size=256 * 1024,
                   show_index=False, follow_symlinks=False,
                   append_version=False):
        """Add static files view.

        prefix - url prefix
        path - folder with files

        """
        assert prefix.startswith('/')
        if prefix.endswith('/'):
            prefix = prefix[:-1]
        resource = StaticResource(prefix, path,
                                  name=name,
                                  expect_handler=expect_handler,
                                  chunk_size=chunk_size,
                                  show_index=show_index,
                                  follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks,
                                  append_version=append_version)
        self.register_resource(resource)
        return resource

    def add_head(self, path, handler, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with method HEAD
        """
        return self.add_route(hdrs.METH_HEAD, path, handler, **kwargs)

    def add_options(self, path, handler, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with method OPTIONS
        """
        return self.add_route(hdrs.METH_OPTIONS, path, handler, **kwargs)

    def add_get(self, path, handler, *, name=None, allow_head=True, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with method GET, if allow_head is true another
        route is added allowing head requests to the same endpoint
        """
        resource = self.add_resource(path, name=name)
        if allow_head:
            resource.add_route(hdrs.METH_HEAD, handler, **kwargs)
        return resource.add_route(hdrs.METH_GET, handler, **kwargs)

    def add_post(self, path, handler, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with method POST
        """
        return self.add_route(hdrs.METH_POST, path, handler, **kwargs)

    def add_put(self, path, handler, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with method PUT
        """
        return self.add_route(hdrs.METH_PUT, path, handler, **kwargs)

    def add_patch(self, path, handler, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with method PATCH
        """
        return self.add_route(hdrs.METH_PATCH, path, handler, **kwargs)

    def add_delete(self, path, handler, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with method DELETE
        """
        return self.add_route(hdrs.METH_DELETE, path, handler, **kwargs)

    def add_view(self, path, handler, **kwargs):
        """
        Shortcut for add_route with ANY methods for a class-based view
        """
        return self.add_route(hdrs.METH_ANY, path, handler, **kwargs)

    def freeze(self):
        super().freeze()
        for resource in self._resources:
            resource.freeze()

    def add_routes(self, routes):
        """Append routes to route table.

        Parameter should be a sequence of RouteDef objects.
        """
        for route_obj in routes:
            route_obj.register(self)
